BOGOTÁ, Colombia — Decades of grass roots organizing, with meetings in living rooms and in the streets, online and across borders, have produced a tectonic shift on abortion in Latin America, a historically conservative region where access to the procedure has long been severely limited.
Colombia joined Mexico, Argentina and Mexico in removing abortion barriers in less than a year. It’s all the more striking in contrast to the shift taking place in the United States, the country whose Supreme Court decision guaranteeing the right to abortion — Roe v. Wade — had been a seminal spark for many activists in Latin America.
The United States is facing increasing restrictions on abortion. Latin American feminist activists are increasingly relying upon one another for legal strategy and organizing tactics.
“It’s now an inspiration going south to north,” said Catalina Martínez Coral, 37, a Colombian lawyer and member of Causa Justa, the coalition of abortion rights groups that brought the case recently considered by the Colombian court. “We are going to inspire people in the United States to defend the rights set out in Roe v. Wade.”
As abortion rights advocates in Colombia prepared to make their case before the country’s highest court this year, they drew their tactics from their neighbors: They learned from lawyers in Mexico, adopted a song-and-dance performance similar to one in Chile and waved the green handkerchiefs that first emerged as a symbol of the movement in Argentina.
And when the country’s high court ruled in their favor on Monday, largely striking down a measure that made abortion a crime, they gathered outside the courthouse to celebrate and to thank those who had helped them make the moment possible: their partners across Latin America.
Abortion still has plenty of opponents in the region, including the Colombian president, Iván Duque, a conservative who condemned the ruling on Tuesday.
“I am worried that abortion, which goes against life, will become a regular practice,” he told local media shortly after taking office. “And that in a machista country, people will resort to it, and for many it will become a contraceptive in place of the condom.”
Colombian abortion rights activists insist this week that advocates from across the region and beyond will be able to use the same tactics they used to lobby against the decriminalization.
“The whole world is watching us,” said Natalia Goyeneche, 31, one of the many women by the court’s steps on Monday as the ruling was announced.
In Colombia, feminist activists’ call for abortion rights went mainstream over the last two years, as their counterparts won big in neighboring countries.
The origins of the movement, however, go back decades — at least to 1973, when a Colombian gynecologist accepted an invitation to visit the United States just as the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on Roe v. Wade.
The doctor, Jorge Villarreal Mejía, had for years had been horrified by the number of women he saw sick and dying from botched abortions in Colombian hospitals. In the United States, he toured some of the country’s earliest legal abortion clinics. He returned to Colombia determined to duplicate them.
He started a reproductive health clinic, Oriéntame, in the capital, Bogotá, in 1977. And the organization in many ways helped pave the way for this week’s decision.
Despite a law criminalizing abortion, Oriéntame began to openly help hundreds of thousands of Colombian women who had already begun ending their pregnancies — explaining to authorities that they were helping women who were already suffering from failed or incomplete abortions.
Over the years, Oriéntame was frequently targeted by authorities who accused them of breaking the law, while vandals scrawled “assassins” outside the office. But tensions escalated in 1994, when the police knocked down the clinic’s doors, guns drawn, and took off with patients’ records, beginning a legal process that lasted a decade and could have landed Dr. Villarreal in prison.
That was when Cristina Villarreal — Dr. Villareal’s daughter, who was taking over the clinic — decided they needed to go beyond providing medical help and begin uniting with feminist activists working to change the legal landscape in which they worked.
“It doesn’t make sense for us to continue on two different roads,” she recalls saying of activists and medical practitioners. “Now is the moment.”
Soon, Ms. Villarreal, along with others, formed La Mesa por la Vida y la Salud de las Mujeres. The coalition’s main goal was to abolish the law criminalizing abortion.
For Colombia, she said, “this was totally, totally radical and revolutionary.”
However, it was difficult to put the issue on the public’s agenda. This was not only because the Catholic Church was opposed to abortion but also because the majority of the public was against it.
“This is a country, as you know, that has been beaten by conflict and war,” said Ana Cristina González Vélez, 53, a co-founder of the organization, adding, “That meant that for many years ending the conflict occupied the agendas of women’s groups.”
Pushing for legalization of abortion through Colombia’s Congress seemed a dead end. More than a half-dozen attempts had failed when, around 2004, a Colombian lawyer named Mónica Roa approached the Mesa and proposed a new tactic.
Ms. Roa had just returned from the United States where she was working for a legal advocacy organization called the Center for Reproductive Rights. She would go to the country’s Constitutional Court — famously more liberal than its Congress — and argue that the law criminalizing abortion violated women’s rights to Life, health, and the right to reproductive autonomy.
In 2006, she achieved a major victory for the movement, when the court ruled that the country must allow abortions when a woman’s health was at risk, when a fetus had serious health problems or when a pregnancy resulted from rape.
While there were a few similar decisions in Latin American countries, public opinion and public policy were so against the procedure that women could not legally abort their babies. After the 2006 ruling, Colombian activists started teaching women in other countries how to use exceptions to the law.
“Without a doubt, we learned from the Colombians,” said Giselle Carino, an Argentine activist with the group Fòs Feminista.
However, in Colombia, hundreds of women were being investigated each year by prosecutors for having abortions. Many women were still dying from illegal procedures.
Around 2016, the women devised a new strategy — one intended to change both the legal landscape and public opinion, with a strong public awareness component.
Argentine feminists launched a campaign to legalize marijuana through Congress as the Colombians worked. They mobilized hundreds of thousands to march in the streets, unites by a common symbol: a green kerchief.
Their use scarves was also inspired by a previous generation, the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, a group of women activists who wore white kerchiefs as a protest against the kidnappings and murders of their children under the Argentine dictatorship.
“Part of our strategy was: How do we change the conversation in the country, how do we put this on the public agenda?” said Ms. Martínez, one of the Colombian activists. “And that’s what we learned from the Argentines.”
In late 2019, Argentina’s Congress legalized abortion — and two months later, just as the pandemic was beginning, Colombia’s Causa Justa coalition was born.
They marched across the country and had campaigns on Twitter, TikTok and Instagram. They also had a radio campaign that targeted areas with limited connectivity and performed a reggaeton song in the streets.
They appealed to celebrities to support them. Suddenly, public officials were being forced to declare a position on the topic, and green scarves began to appear on necks, backpacks and bicycles all over Bogotá.
And in September 2020, a group of lawyers from Causa Justa — drawing on legal lessons from Canada — sent a petition to the Constitutional Court, arguing that in practice, the existence of a law criminalizing abortion violated a woman’s “fundamental right” to voluntary termination of pregnancy under the exceptions laid out in 2006.
Judges voted 5-4 in favor of Monday’s decriminalization of abortion for 24 weeks.
Over the last few decades, Oriéntame has trained thousands of medical professionals across Latin America, many of whom have replicated the clinic in their own countries. Dr. Villarreal passed away in 2001.
Nearly all of the activists interviewed claimed that Roe v. Wade was a touchstone that influenced them. They believed that the legal system could help women have greater control over their lives.
Many people are now puzzled as to why the United States seemed to be moving in the opposite direction.
“This is a battle that is never completely won,” Ms. Villarreal advised her counterparts to the north. “You can’t let your guard down.”
Megan Janetsky contributed reporting from Bogotá.
Source: NY Times
